AcronymT Definition
TDWT Telecommunications Data Warehouse Training
TDWT Temporal Discrete Wavelet Transform
TDWT Teens Driving While Texting
TDWT Telex Department wire Transfer
TDWT Time/Data Word Training
TDWT Tonnage Dead Weight Training
TDWT Total Diamond Weight Training
TDWT Tower Display Workstation (FAA) Training
TDWT Training Development Workload Training
TDWT The Davis Wright Tremaine
TDWT The Dead Weight Tons
TDWT The Deadweight
TDWT The Deadweight Tonnage
TDWT The Design Walk-Through
TDWT The Discrete Wavelet Transform
TDWT The Dividend Withholding Tax
TDWT Teach Doing Weird Things
TDWT The Dream Weaver Template
TDWT The Drop Weight Test
TDWT The Dynamic Web Template
TDWT The Pennyweight
TDWT Travel Detail World Tour
TDWT Tonnage Dead Weight Training
Tonnage is a measure of the size or cargo capacity of a ship. The term
derives from the taxation paid on tuns of wine, and was later used in reference
to the weight of a ship's cargo; however, in modern maritime usage, "tonnage"
specifically refers to a calculation of the volume or cargo volume of a ship.
The term is still sometimes incorrectly used to refer to the weight of a loaded
or empty vessel.
Measurement of tonnage can be less than straightforward, not least because it is
used to assess fees on commercial shipping.
Tonnage measurements
Gross Register Tonnage (GRT) represents the total internal volume of a vessel,
with some exemptions for non-productive spaces such as crew quarters; 1 gross
register ton is equal to a volume of 100 cubic feet (2.83 m³), which volume, if
filled with water, would weigh around 2,800 kg or 2.8 tonnes. This calculation
is complex; a hold can, for instance, be assessed for grain (accounting for all
the air space in the hold) or for bales (exempting the spaces between structural
frames). Gross register tonnage was replaced by gross tonnage in 1994 under the
Tonnage Measurement convention of 1969, but is still a widely used term in the
industry.
Net Register Tonnage (NRT) is the volume of cargo the vessel can carry; ie. the
Gross Register Tonnage less the volume of spaces that will not hold cargo (e.g.
engine compartment, helm station, crew spaces, etc., again with differences
depending on which port or country is doing the calculations). It represents the
volume of the ship available for transporting freight or passengers. It was
replaced by net tonnage in 1994, under the Tonnage Measurement convention of
1969.
Gross Tonnage (GT) refers to the volume of all ship's enclosed spaces (from keel
to funnel) measured to the outside of the hull framing. It is always larger than
gross register tonnage, though by how much depends on the vessel design. It was
a measurement of the enclosed spaces within a ship expressed in "tons" – a unit
which was actually equivalent to 100 cubic feet.
Tonnage measurements are now governed by an IMO Convention (International
Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships, 1969 (London-Rules)), which applies
to all ships built after July 1982. In accordance with the Convention, the
correct term to use now is GT, which is a function of the moulded volume of all
enclosed spaces of the ship.
It is calculated by using the formula :GT = K \cdot V, where V = total volume in
m³ and K = a figure from 0.22 up to 0.32, depending on the ship’s size
(calculated by :K = 0.2 + 0.02 \cdot\log_{10}V), so that, for a ship of 10,000
m³ total volume, the gross tonnage would be 0.28 x 10,000 = 2,800. GT is
consequently a measure of the overall size of the ship.
Net tonnage (NT) is based on a calculation of the volume of all cargo spaces of
the ship. It indicates a vessel’s earning space and is a function of the moulded
volume of all cargo spaces of the ship.
A commonly defined measurement system is important; since a ship’s registration
fee, harbour dues, safety and manning rules etc, are based on its gross tonnage,
GT, or net tonnage, NT.
The Panama Canal/Universal Measurement System (PC/UMS) is based on net tonnage,
modified for Panama Canal purposes. PC/UMS is based on a mathematical formula to
calculate a vessel's total volume; a PC/UMS net ton is equivalent to 100 cubic
feet of capacity.
Thames measurement tonnage is another volumetric system, generally used for
small vessels such as yachts; it uses a formula based on the vessel's length and
beam.
Many people in many countries, including those professional people working in
maritime industries for many years or even in their lifetime, often confuse
"Tonnage" and "Ton". Please note that "Tonnage" refers to the unit of a ship's
volume in measurement for registration and "Ton" refers to the unit of weight.
They are totally different in concept.
Weight measurements
While not "tonnage" in the proper sense, the following methods of ship
measurement are often incorrectly referred to as such:
Displacement is the actual total weight of the vessel. It is often expressed in
long tons or in metric tons, and is calculated simply by multiplying the volume
of the hull below the waterline (ie. the volume of water it is displacing) by
the density of the water. (Note that the density will depend on whether the
vessel is in fresh or salt water, or is in the tropics, where water is warmer
and hence less dense.) For example, in sea water, first determine the volume of
the submerged portion of the hull as follows: Multiply its length by its breadth
and the draft, all in feet. Then multiply the product thereby obtained by the
block coefficient of the hull to get the hull volume in cubic feet. Then
multiply this figure by 64 (the weight of one cubic foot of seawater) to get the
weight of the ship in pounds; or divide by 35 to calculate the weight in long
tons. Using the SI or metric system : displacement (in tonnes) is volume (in m³)
multiplied by the specific gravity of sea water (1.025 nominally).
The word "displacement" arises from the basic physical law, discovered by
Archimedes, that the weight of a floating object equates exactly to that of the
water which would otherwise occupy the "hole in the water" displaced by the
ship.
Lightship measures the actual weight of the ship with no fuel, passengers,
cargo, water, etc. on board.
Deadweight (often abbreviated as DWT for deadweight tonnes) is the displacement
at any loaded condition minus the lightship weight. It includes the crew,
passengers, cargo, fuel, water, and stores. Like Displacement, it is often
expressed in long tons or in metric tons.
Origins
Historically, tonnage was the tax on tuns (casks) of wine that held
approximately 252 gallons of wine and weighed approximately 2,240 pounds. This
suggests that the unit of weight measurement, long tons (also 2,240 lb) and
tonnage both share the same etymology. The confusion between weight based terms
(deadweight and displacement) stems from this common source and the eventual
decision to assess dues based on a ship's deadweight rather than counting the
tuns of wine. In 1720 the Builder's Old Measurement Rule was adopted to estimate
deadweight from the length of keel and maximum breadth or beam of a ship. This
overly simplistic system was replaced by the Moorsom System in 1854 and
calculated internal volume, not weight. This system evolved into the current set
of internationally accepted rules and regulations.
When steamships came into being, they could carry less cargo, size for size,
than sailing ships. As well as spaces taken up by boilers and steam engines,
steamships carried extra fresh water for the boilers as well as coal for the
engines. Thus, to move the same volume of cargo as a sailing ship, a steamship
would be considerably larger than a sailing ship.
"Harbour Dues" are based on tonnage. In order to prevent steamships operating at
a disadvantage, various tonnage calculations were established to minimise the
disadvantage that the extra space requirements of steamships presented. Rather
than charging by length or displacement etc, charges were calculated on the
viable cargo space. As commercial cargo sailing ships are now largely extinct,
Gross Tonnage is becoming the universal method of calculating ships dues, and is
also a more straight-forward and transparent method of assessment.
TDWT Temporal Discrete Wavelet Transform
In numerical analysis and functional analysis, a temporal discrete wavelet
transform (TDWT) is any wavelet transform for which the wavelets are discretely
sampled.
The first TDWT was invented by the Hungarian mathematician Alfréd Haar. For an
input represented by a list of 2n numbers, the Haar wavelet transform may be
considered to simply pair up input values, storing the difference and passing
the sum. This process is repeated recursively, pairing up the sums to provide
the next scale: finally resulting in 2n − 1 differences and one final sum.
This simple TDWT illustrates the desirable properties of wavelets in general.
First, it can be performed in O(n) operations; second, it captures not only a
notion of the frequency content of the input, by examining it at different
scales, but also temporal content, i.e. the times at which these frequencies
occur. Combined, these two properties make the Fast wavelet transform (FWT), an
alternative to the conventional Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).
The most commonly used set of discrete wavelet transforms was formulated by the
Belgian mathematician Ingrid Daubechies in 1988. This formulation is based on
the use of recurrence relations to generate progressively finer discrete
samplings of an implicit mother wavelet function; each resolution is twice that
of the previous scale. In her seminal paper, Daubechies derives a family of
wavelets, the first of which is the Haar wavelet. Interest in this field has
exploded since then, and many variations of Daubechies' original wavelets were
developed.
Other forms of discrete wavelet transform include the non- or undecimated
wavelet transform (where downsampling is omitted), the Newland transform (where
an orthonormal basis of wavelets is formed from appropriately constructed
top-hat filters in frequency space). Wavelet packet transforms are also related
to the discrete wavelet transform. Complex wavelet transform is another form.
The discrete wavelet transform has a huge number of applications in science,
engineering, mathematics and computer science. Most notably, it is used for
signal coding, to represent a discrete signal in a more redundant form, often as
a preconditioning for data compression.
Definition
One level of the transform
The DWT of a signal x is calculated by passing it through a series of filters.
First the samples are passed through a low pass filter with impulse response g
resulting in a convolution of the two:
y[n] = (x * g)[n] = \sum\limits_{k = - \infty }^\infty {x[k] g[n - k]}
The signal is also decomposed simultaneously using a high-pass filter h. The
outputs giving the detail coefficients (from the high-pass filter) and
approximation coefficients (from the low-pass). It is important that the two
filters are related to each other and they are known as a quadrature mirror
filter.
However, since half the frequencies of the signal have now been removed, half
the samples can be discarded according to Nyquist’s rule. The filter outputs are
then downsampled by 2:
y_{\mathrm{low}} [n] = \sum\limits_{k = - \infty }^\infty {x[k] g[2 n - k]}
y_{\mathrm{high}} [n] = \sum\limits_{k = - \infty }^\infty {x[k] h[2 n - k]}
This decomposition has halved the time resolution since only half of each filter
output characterises the signal. However, each output has half the frequency
band of the input so the frequency resolution has been doubled.
Block diagram of filter analysis
Block diagram of filter analysis
With the downsampling operator \downarrow
(y \downarrow k)[n] = y[k n]
the above summation can be written more concisely.
y_{\mathrm{low}} = (x*g)\downarrow 2
y_{\mathrm{high}} = (x*h)\downarrow 2
However computing a complete convolution x * g with subsequent downsampling
would waste computation time.
The Lifting scheme is an optimization where these two computations are
interleaved.
Cascading and Filter banks
This decomposition is repeated to further increase the frequency resolution and
the approximation coefficients decomposed with high and low pass filters and
then down-sampled. This is represented as a binary tree with nodes representing
a sub-space with a different time-frequency localization. The tree is known as a
filter bank.
A 3 level filter bank
A 3 level filter bank
At each level in the above diagram the signal is decomposed into low and high
frequencies. Due to the decomposition process the input signal must be a
multiple of 2n where n is the number of levels.
For example a signal with 32 samples, frequency range 0 to fn and 3 levels of
decomposition, 4 output scales are produced:
Level Frequencies Samples
3 0 to fn / 8 4
fn / 8 to fn / 4 4
2 fn / 4 to fn / 2 8
1 fn / 2 to fn 16
Frequency domain representation of the TDWT
Frequency domain representation of the TDWT
Code examples
In its simplest form, the DWT is remarkably easy to compute.
The Haar wavelet in Java:
public static int[] invoke(int[] input)
{
//This function assumes input.length=2^n, n>1
// we may define a exception to handle the invalide input.
int[] output = new int[input.length];
for (int length = input.length >> 1; ; length >>= 1) {
//length=2^n, WITH DECREASING n
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
int sum = input[i*2]+input[i*2+1];
int difference = input[i*2]-input[i*2+1];
output[i] = sum;
output[length+i] = difference;
}
if (length == 1)
return output;
//Swap arrays to do next iteration
System.arraycopy(output, 0, input, 0, length<<1);
}
}
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RuneScape is set in a medieval fantasy world, similar to "Guild Wars" or
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RuneScape has often been one of
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games of Runescape 2.
RuneScape is a virtual world which
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Of course the king of all game
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trick
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The master of massive multiplayer
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Trik.com continues IJFG.com's
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With the rising popularity of
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original server, or by disassembling and analyzing the client which is
available.
Ultima Online was one of the first
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its source code was released under the GNU General Public License relatively
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Another useful site is
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A defining moment in internet
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